Abstract: Clarifying the spatio-temporal variation, trade-off/synergy and driving factors of ecosystem services can provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable development of ecosystems. Taking Shanxi Province as an example, we quantified the regional grain production, water yield, soil retention and Net Primary Productivity (NPP) in 1990, 2000 and 2015, and analyzed the spatial patterns and interactions of ecosystem services at the grid, county and municipality scales, and identified the dominant drivers of ecosystem service changes by using the Geodetector. The results showed that from 1990 to 2015, the average grain production, water yield and NPP decreased first and then increased, while the average soil retention increased first and then decreased. As the scale increased, the distribution of ecosystem services became more “spatial homogenization”, and the number of relationship pairs between ecosystem services decreased. The dominant factors of various ecosystem service changes were different, but they were all driven by nature, land management and social economy.