Abstract: Poyang Lake has abundant sand resources, but there has been a lack of in-depth understanding on the evolution of water quality and the community structure of macrozoobenthic under the influence of sand mining for a long time.In this study, water quality, sediment and macrozoobenthos samples were collected by partition, and the distribution and evolution of physical and chemical indexes and biological species were analyzed by using inverse distance weight interpolation, principal component analysis, diversity index comparison and canonical corresponding analysis.The results showed that the turbidity and suspended solids of water significantly increased in the downstream of the sand mining area; the total phosphorus content of water increased slightly in the lower reaches of the sand mining area, and the nutrient content of sediment in the non-sand mining area was higher than that in the historical sand mined area and the planned sand mining area.The Simpson, Shannon Wiener, and Margalef diversity indices of macrozoobenthic in the non-sand mining area were also higher than those in historical and planned sand mining areas.The above results indicate that sand mining disturbs sediment, causing an increase in suspended solids concentration in nearby water bodies, affecting the nutrient composition of water and sediment, and reducing the diversity index of macrobenthic animals.