Abstract: Under the new era background, the intensive efforts and coordinated governance of major river basins in China has become a critical subject of applying eco-civilization consturction from theoretical innovation to practical implementation. Guided by the "Two Mountains" Theory (lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets) and the new development philosophy, China′s approach to river and lake governance has continuously advanced, giving rise to a series of progressive concepts. This paper selects typical contemporary river and lake management concepts in China—such as river and lake health, ecological clean small watersheds, happy rivers and lakes, and beautiful rivers and lakes—as the subjects of research. First, the paper systematically expounds on the connotations and development processes of these concepts. It then analyzes the interrelationships among them, summarizes progressiveness of China′s river and lake management philosophy in the new era, and clarifies the key tasks involved in river and lake governance. Furthermore, considering the problems existing in current river and lake management and construction, alongside the requirements posed by the new era′s development context, this paper proposes a set of constructive recommendations. These suggestions cover several aspects: strengthening the legal and regulatory framework for river and lake protection, optimizing the industrial structure within river basins, guiding by scientific and technological innovation, establishing integrated management mechanisms, and promoting the development of green and low-carbon river basins. The findings of this study are intended to serve as a valuable reference for the ongoing management and protection of rivers and lakes in China.