Abstract: The Changjiang River Basin is faced with a mismatch between water resources and the layout of economic and social development. Water scarcity in some regions restricts the sustainable development of the Changjiang River Basin. The study on the spatio-temporal matching between water resources and socio-economic development in the Changjiang River Basin is the basis of coordinating their relationships, and also the key to promoting the sustainable utilization of water resources. The Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient and spatial equilibrium index were used to examine the spatio-temporal matching degree and spatial equilibrium of water resources quantity, population, water consumption by agriculture and industry, output values of primary industry and secondary industry in the Changjiang River Basin from 2017 to 2021. The results show that: ① The distribution of water resources in the Changjiang River Basin is relatively matched with the population, the distribution of water resources is reasonably matched with the GDP, the distribution of agricultural water use is completely matched with the output value of primary industry, and the distribution of industrial water use is completely matched with the output value of secondary industry. ② For the spatial distribution, the equilibrium between Xizang and Qinghai Province is poor, Chongqing City′s water resources are balanced with population and regional GDP, while Hubei and Shaanxi Province′s agricultural water uses are balanced with primary industry output value, and Hunan and Jiangxi Province′s industrial water uses are balanced with secondary industry GDP. The results can provide reference and technical support for reconciling contradictions between water supply and demand and realizing optimal water resources allocation in the Changjiang River Basin.