Research progress of catchment hydrological non-stationarity and its application analysis in Changjiang River Basin

Under the combined influence of global climate change and intensified human activities, catchment hydrological systems increasingly exhibit non-stationarity characteristics, which challenges traditional water resources management paradigms based on the assumption of stationarity.This paper systematically reviews the research progress on catchment hydrological non-stationarity under changing environments, focusing on its conceptual definition, observational evidence, detection methodologies, and underlying mechanisms.It highlights how climatic variability and land-use change interact through complex feedback processes to reshape watershed hydrological responses.A case study of the Changjiang River Basin reveals distinct non-stationarity features, such as the increased frequency and intensity of extreme drought and flood events, and alterations in regional hydrological response mechanisms; the implications for water resources allocation, flood control operations, and watershed management strategies are discussed.In response to the limitations of traditional management systems under non-stationarity conditions, a dynamic and resilient adaptive water resources management framework is proposed.Future research should aim to deepen the understanding of the identification and attribution of hydrological non-stationarity, strengthen observation and early warning systems, and develop modeling and risk assessment methods tailored to changing environments, thereby supporting the sustainable utilization and high-quality development of water resources in the Changjiang River Basin.