Optimization of blasting construction and vibration effect control in tunnel boring

To address common challenges in tunnel blasting under complex geological conditions—such as inaccurate vibration effect prediction and reliance on empirical design of blast hole parameters—this paper proposes a refined control method integrating vibration waveform inversion and adaptive optimization of blast hole grids. The method first reconstructs vibration source functions for individual blast holes based on field monitoring data from cluster blasting, then employs an improved Anderson model to achieve high-precision vibration waveform prediction. Furthermore, Voronoi grid technology is introduced to adaptively generate blast hole arrangement grids according to blast free faces and geological conditions, while precise charge calculations are performed for each hole to establish a quantitative design approach. A case study of the Beikeng Reservoir diversion tunnel project, characterized by complex surrounding rock conditions (70.7% Grade III-V rock mass), demonstrates that the proposed prediction model accurately reproduces vibration peaks, with Z-direction (vertical) vibration velocity peaks concentrated at 50–90Hz. On this basis, the calculation results of the optimization of the network, loading and timing show that the optimization scheme can reduce the single consumption of explosive by 12.9%–31.0% under the condition of satisfying the maximum charge constraint of a single section, and provide the design basis for the subsequent refinement of contour control from the mechanism. This method provides a refined control paradigm for vibration effect management in complex geological tunnel blasting.