Study on Resistivity Characterization of the Influence of Deposition Angle on the Anti‑Liquefaction Strength of Sand

This study investigates the influence of deposition angle on the liquefaction resistance of saturated sand using electrical resistivity measurements. Dynamic triaxial liquefaction tests coupled with resistivity monitoring were conducted on specimens prepared at 5 distinct deposition angles. The key findings are as follows:1) The specimen with a deposition angle of 45° exhibited the lowest liquefaction resistance, requiring the fewest cycles to reach liquefaction. Liquefaction resistance decreased with increasing deposition angle within the 0°~45° range, while an opposite trend was observed between 45° and 90°. The initial resistivity showed a non-linear relationship with deposition angle, peaking at 45°. A strong inverse correlation was identified between initial resistivity and the cyclic resistance ratio at 15 cycles (CRR₁₅), suggesting that initial resistivity can serve as a predictive indicator for the liquefaction resistance of sandy soils. 2) Under cyclic loading, the evolution of resistivity varied significantly with deposition angle. The 45° specimen displayed an approximately linear reduction in resistivity. In contrast, specimens at other angles exhibited a two-stage response: a gradual initial decrease followed by an accelerated reduction phase. 3) The total resistivity change during liquefaction demonstrated a clear inverse quantitative relationship with CRR₁₅. A larger total change in resistivity corresponded to lower liquefaction resistance. Resistivity evolution proved to be an effective parameter for characterizing both the magnitude and the progression of liquefaction resistance. This study confirms that deposition angle is a critical factor governing the liquefaction resistance characteristics of sand, and that electrical resistivity provides an effective means of quantifying this resistance.